USTAZ YOUTUBE: USTAZ ABDUL SOMAD DAN DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN OTORITAS KEAGAMAAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31330/penamas.v33i2.405Keywords:
Delokalisasi, Otoritas Keagamaan, Youtube, Audiens, AestheticsAbstract
Artikel ini mengkaji tentang dinamika perubahan otoritas keagamaan utamanya pada Ustaz Abdul Somad yang ceramahnya banyak diunggah melalui Youtube. Kajian ini penting dilakukan karena Youtube tidak hanya berperan sebagai media dakwah kontemporer, tetapi juga sarana untuk membangun dan menguatkan otoritas keagamaan tradisional. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang akan dijawab di dalam artikel ini di antaranya: Pertama, apa saja wacana yang menginisiasi kemunculan ustaz Youtube di Indonesia? Kedua, seperti apa dinamika perubahan otoritas keagamaan yang berlangsung melalui Youtube? Ketiga, bagaimana media Youtube mengubah dan menguatkan otoritas keagamaan Ustaz Abdul Somad? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini, peneliti melakukan kerja etnografi online dan komunikasi pribadi dengan audiens Ustaz Abdul Somad. Artikel ini menemukan bahwa ada tiga konsep yang mempengaruhi dinamika perubahan otoritas keagamaan Ustaz Abdul Somad di Youtube di antaranya sifat teknologi Youtube itu sendiri, peran penggemar Ustaz Abdul Somad, dan bentuk-bentuk estetik dalam ceramah Ustaz Abdul Somad.
References
Anderson, B. R. O. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Rev. ed). London ; New York: Verso.
Asad, T. (1993). Genealogies of Religion. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Casanova, J. (2001). Secularization. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 383–387). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.84046-5.
Casanova, J. (2009). The Secular and Secularisms. Social Research, 76(4), 1049–1066.
Cheng, X., Dale, C., & Liu, J. (2008). Statistics and Social Network of Youtube Videos (pp. 229–238). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWQOS.2008.32.
Dhofier, Z. (1994). Tradisi Pesantren: Studi Tentang Pandangan Hidup Kyai. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Echchaibi, N. (2011). From Audio Tapes to Video Blogs: the Delocalisation of Authority in Islam: From audio tapes to video blogs. Nations and Nationalism, 17(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00468.x.
Eickelman, D. F., & Salvatore, A. (2002). The Public Sphere and Muslim Identities. European Journal of Sociology, 43(01). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975602001030.
Eickelman, D. F., & Piscatori, James. (1996). Muslim Politics. Princeton: Princenton University Press.
Fealy, G. (2009). Ijtihad Politik Ulama: Sejarah NU 1952-1967. (F. Wajidi & M. A. Bachtar, Trans.) (4th ed.). Yogyakarta: LKiS.
Fealy, G., & White, S. (Eds.). (2008). Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Gaborieau, Marc. (2010). “The Redefinition of Religious Authority Among South Asian Muslim From 1919 to 1956,†in Azra, A., Dijk, C. van, Kaptein, N. J. G., Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, & International Institute for Asian Studies (Eds.). (2010). Varieties of Religious Authority: Changes and Challenges in 20th Century Indonesian Islam. Singapore : Leiden, Netherlands: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ; International Institute for Asian Studies.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. (2008). "Online Fatwa in Indonesia: From Fatwa Shopping to Googling a Kiai," in Fealy, G., & White, S. (Eds.). (2008). Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Howell, Julia Day. (2008). "Modulations of Active Piety: Professors and Televangelists as Promoters of Indonesian 'Sufisme,'' in Fealy, G., & White, S. (Eds.). (2008). Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Hasan, A. (2010). Marketing Dari Mulut Ke Mulut. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo.
Hatina, M. (2010). Ulama, Politics, and the Public Sphere: An Egyptian Perspective. Turki: The University of Utah Press.
Hirschkind, C. (2001). The Ethics of Listening: Cassette-SermonAudition in Contemporary Egypt. American Ethnologist, 28(3), 623–649. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2001.28.3. 623.
Hirschkind, C. (2012). Experiments In Devotion Online: The Youtube Khuá¹ba. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 44(01), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002074381100 122X.
Hoesterey, J. B., & University, E. (2017). Marketing Islam: Entrepreneurial Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism in Indonesia. Spring, (10), 1–14.
Ichwan, M. N. (2005). Ulama’, State and Politics: Majelis Ulama Indonesia after Suharto. Islamic Law and Society, 12(1), 15–72.
Lange, P. G. (2007). Publicly Private and Privately Public: Social Networking on YouTube. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 361–380. https://doi.org/10.11 11/j.1083-6101.2007.00400.x.
Mahmood, S. (2001). Rehearsed Spontaneity and the Conventionality of Ritual: Disciplines of Şalat. American Ethnologist, 28(4), 827–853. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2001.28. 4.827.
Mandaville, P. (2001). Reimagining Islam in Diaspora: The Politics of Mediated Community. International Communication Gazette, 63(2–3), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/00 16549201063002005.
Masud, M. K., Salvatore, A., & Bruinessen, M. van (Eds.). (2009). Islam and Modernity: Key Issues and Debates. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Meyer, B. (2010). Aesthetics of Persuasion: Global Christianity and Pentecostalism’s Sensational Forms. South Atlantic Quarterly, 109(4), 741–763. https://doi.org/10. 1215/00382876-2010-015
Mitchell, W. J. T., & Hansen, M. B. N. (Eds.). (2010). Critical Terms for Media Studies. Chicago ; London: The University of Chicago Press.
Nisa, E. F. (2018a). Creative and Lucrative Daʿwa: The Visual Culture of Instagram amongst Female Muslim Youth in Indonesia. Asiascape: Digital Asia, 5(1–2), 68–99. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340085.
Pink, J. (Ed.). (2009). Muslim Societies in the Age of Mass Consumption: Politics, Culture and Identity between the Local and the Global. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
Schimdtke, S., & Kramer, G. (2006). Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies (Ed.). Leiden: Brill.
Silverstone, R., Hirsch, E., & Strathern, M. (1994). Consuming technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces. London: Routledge. Retrieved from http://www.tand febooks.com/isbn/9780203401491.
Saleh, Ibrahim. (2012). "Islamic Televangelism: The Salafi Window to Their Paradise," in Thomas, P. N., & Lee, P. (Eds.). (2012). Global and Local Televangelism. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137264817.
Siti Mariatul, K. (2017). Kyai Selebriti dan Media Baru. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 19(3), 339–352.
Sunarwoto. (2012). Radio Fatwa: Islamic Tanya-Jawab Programmes on Radio Dakwah. Al-Jami’ah, 50(2), 239–278.
Sunarwoto. (2015). Contesting Religious Authority: A Study on Dakwah Radio in Surakarta Indonesia (Disertasi). Tilburg: Tilburg University.
Thomas, P. N., & Lee, P. (Eds.). (2012). Global and Local Televangelism. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137264817.
Watson, C. W. (2005a). A Popular Indonesian Preacher: The Significance of Aa Gymnastiar. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 11, 773–792. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00261.x.
Thomas, P. N., & Lee, P. (Eds.). (2012). Global and Local Televangelism. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137264817.
Triantoro, Dony Arung. (2019). Ustaz Abdul Somad: Ustaz Karismatik Dunia Digital. Yogyakarta: Diandra Publishing dan Omah Ilmu.
Turner, Bryan S. (2007). Religious Authority and the New Media. Theory, Culture, and Society, 24(2), 117-134.
Weng, H. W. (2018). The Art of Dakwah : Social Media, Visual Persuasion and the Islamist Propagation of Felix Siauw. Indonesia and the Malay World, 46(134), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1416757.
Zaied, A.-S. (n.d.). Da’wa for Dollars A New Wave of Muslim Televangelists. Www.Arabinsight.Org, pp. 21–27.
Internet
Belajar Mengaji. (2017). Lucu - Cerita Hilangnya Hafalan Qur’an Ust Abdul Somad. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha676opWWd4.
Dzaki TV. (2018). Gokil! Non Muslim Nonton Ceramah Ustadz Abdul Somad. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vti1kInLOMk.
I’m Sintesa. (2017). Jamaah Menangis Ustad Somad Masuk Televisi! Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UKykJWNPkE.
Kids Aceh Chanel. (2018). Hanif Meniru Ceramah Ustad Somad di Fisip Unri, jangan lupa subcribe. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCq22HvYR4Y
Moslem Community. (2018, January 1). Pengakuan Jansen Sitindaon (Kristen) tentang Ustadz Abdul Somad: “The New KH. Zainuddin MZ telah Lahir.†Retrieved June 17, 2018, from https://news.moslemcommunity.net/2018/01/pengakuan-jansen-sitindaon-kristen.html.
Tafaqquh Video. (2012, March 17). Tafaqquh Video Bagian Tentang. Retrieved June 20, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/user/TAFAQQUHVIDEO/about.
Tafaqquh Video. (2018). 5 Penyesalan Setelah Mati Masjid Raya Bandung-Jabar 30-3-2018. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ru64FqOjFys.
Tafaqquh Video. (2016). Bid’ah dan Maulid Nabi. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRHX1iL1uBQ.
Ustadz Lovers. (2017a). Amar Ma’ruf Nahi Munkar, Kenapa Ustadz Ceramah Suara Keras? Ustadz Abdul Somad Lc MA. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= NevKDLLjP3Y.
Ustadz Lovers. (2017b). Pramugari itu Godaan Terberat Ustadz Abdul Somad Lc MA. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrUSm2ZnQrs.
Ustadz Lovers. (2017c). Da’i Sejuta Viewers itu Gelar Baru Ustadz Abdul Somad Lc MA Trending Nomor 1. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IE84be1zGsI.
YukNgaji.NET. (2018). Dikatain Pelawak, Demikian Jawaban Cerdas Ust. Abdul Somad,Lc.MA. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4dmTllQvqM.
Wawancara
Amir. (2018, June 17). Komunikasi Pribadi melalui Whatsapp dengan Salah Satu Penggemar UAS di Malaysia.
Maulanat. (2018, June 22). Komunikasi Pribadi melalui Whatsapp dengan Salah Satu Admin Fodamara TV.
Syahrizal, A. (2018a, May 31). Komunikasi Pribadi melalui Whatsapp dengan Salah Satu Penggemar Lokal UAS.
Syahrizal, A. (2018b, June 3). Komunikasi Pribadi melalui Whatsapp dengan Salah Satu Penggemar Lokal UA
Asad, T. (1993). Genealogies of Religion. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Casanova, J. (2001). Secularization. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 383–387). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.84046-5.
Casanova, J. (2009). The Secular and Secularisms. Social Research, 76(4), 1049–1066.
Cheng, X., Dale, C., & Liu, J. (2008). Statistics and Social Network of Youtube Videos (pp. 229–238). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWQOS.2008.32.
Dhofier, Z. (1994). Tradisi Pesantren: Studi Tentang Pandangan Hidup Kyai. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Echchaibi, N. (2011). From Audio Tapes to Video Blogs: the Delocalisation of Authority in Islam: From audio tapes to video blogs. Nations and Nationalism, 17(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00468.x.
Eickelman, D. F., & Salvatore, A. (2002). The Public Sphere and Muslim Identities. European Journal of Sociology, 43(01). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975602001030.
Eickelman, D. F., & Piscatori, James. (1996). Muslim Politics. Princeton: Princenton University Press.
Fealy, G. (2009). Ijtihad Politik Ulama: Sejarah NU 1952-1967. (F. Wajidi & M. A. Bachtar, Trans.) (4th ed.). Yogyakarta: LKiS.
Fealy, G., & White, S. (Eds.). (2008). Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Gaborieau, Marc. (2010). “The Redefinition of Religious Authority Among South Asian Muslim From 1919 to 1956,†in Azra, A., Dijk, C. van, Kaptein, N. J. G., Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, & International Institute for Asian Studies (Eds.). (2010). Varieties of Religious Authority: Changes and Challenges in 20th Century Indonesian Islam. Singapore : Leiden, Netherlands: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ; International Institute for Asian Studies.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. (2008). "Online Fatwa in Indonesia: From Fatwa Shopping to Googling a Kiai," in Fealy, G., & White, S. (Eds.). (2008). Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Howell, Julia Day. (2008). "Modulations of Active Piety: Professors and Televangelists as Promoters of Indonesian 'Sufisme,'' in Fealy, G., & White, S. (Eds.). (2008). Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Hasan, A. (2010). Marketing Dari Mulut Ke Mulut. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo.
Hatina, M. (2010). Ulama, Politics, and the Public Sphere: An Egyptian Perspective. Turki: The University of Utah Press.
Hirschkind, C. (2001). The Ethics of Listening: Cassette-SermonAudition in Contemporary Egypt. American Ethnologist, 28(3), 623–649. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2001.28.3. 623.
Hirschkind, C. (2012). Experiments In Devotion Online: The Youtube Khuá¹ba. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 44(01), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002074381100 122X.
Hoesterey, J. B., & University, E. (2017). Marketing Islam: Entrepreneurial Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism in Indonesia. Spring, (10), 1–14.
Ichwan, M. N. (2005). Ulama’, State and Politics: Majelis Ulama Indonesia after Suharto. Islamic Law and Society, 12(1), 15–72.
Lange, P. G. (2007). Publicly Private and Privately Public: Social Networking on YouTube. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 361–380. https://doi.org/10.11 11/j.1083-6101.2007.00400.x.
Mahmood, S. (2001). Rehearsed Spontaneity and the Conventionality of Ritual: Disciplines of Şalat. American Ethnologist, 28(4), 827–853. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2001.28. 4.827.
Mandaville, P. (2001). Reimagining Islam in Diaspora: The Politics of Mediated Community. International Communication Gazette, 63(2–3), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/00 16549201063002005.
Masud, M. K., Salvatore, A., & Bruinessen, M. van (Eds.). (2009). Islam and Modernity: Key Issues and Debates. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Meyer, B. (2010). Aesthetics of Persuasion: Global Christianity and Pentecostalism’s Sensational Forms. South Atlantic Quarterly, 109(4), 741–763. https://doi.org/10. 1215/00382876-2010-015
Mitchell, W. J. T., & Hansen, M. B. N. (Eds.). (2010). Critical Terms for Media Studies. Chicago ; London: The University of Chicago Press.
Nisa, E. F. (2018a). Creative and Lucrative Daʿwa: The Visual Culture of Instagram amongst Female Muslim Youth in Indonesia. Asiascape: Digital Asia, 5(1–2), 68–99. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340085.
Pink, J. (Ed.). (2009). Muslim Societies in the Age of Mass Consumption: Politics, Culture and Identity between the Local and the Global. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
Schimdtke, S., & Kramer, G. (2006). Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies (Ed.). Leiden: Brill.
Silverstone, R., Hirsch, E., & Strathern, M. (1994). Consuming technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces. London: Routledge. Retrieved from http://www.tand febooks.com/isbn/9780203401491.
Saleh, Ibrahim. (2012). "Islamic Televangelism: The Salafi Window to Their Paradise," in Thomas, P. N., & Lee, P. (Eds.). (2012). Global and Local Televangelism. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137264817.
Siti Mariatul, K. (2017). Kyai Selebriti dan Media Baru. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 19(3), 339–352.
Sunarwoto. (2012). Radio Fatwa: Islamic Tanya-Jawab Programmes on Radio Dakwah. Al-Jami’ah, 50(2), 239–278.
Sunarwoto. (2015). Contesting Religious Authority: A Study on Dakwah Radio in Surakarta Indonesia (Disertasi). Tilburg: Tilburg University.
Thomas, P. N., & Lee, P. (Eds.). (2012). Global and Local Televangelism. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137264817.
Watson, C. W. (2005a). A Popular Indonesian Preacher: The Significance of Aa Gymnastiar. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 11, 773–792. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00261.x.
Thomas, P. N., & Lee, P. (Eds.). (2012). Global and Local Televangelism. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137264817.
Triantoro, Dony Arung. (2019). Ustaz Abdul Somad: Ustaz Karismatik Dunia Digital. Yogyakarta: Diandra Publishing dan Omah Ilmu.
Turner, Bryan S. (2007). Religious Authority and the New Media. Theory, Culture, and Society, 24(2), 117-134.
Weng, H. W. (2018). The Art of Dakwah : Social Media, Visual Persuasion and the Islamist Propagation of Felix Siauw. Indonesia and the Malay World, 46(134), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1416757.
Zaied, A.-S. (n.d.). Da’wa for Dollars A New Wave of Muslim Televangelists. Www.Arabinsight.Org, pp. 21–27.
Internet
Belajar Mengaji. (2017). Lucu - Cerita Hilangnya Hafalan Qur’an Ust Abdul Somad. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha676opWWd4.
Dzaki TV. (2018). Gokil! Non Muslim Nonton Ceramah Ustadz Abdul Somad. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vti1kInLOMk.
I’m Sintesa. (2017). Jamaah Menangis Ustad Somad Masuk Televisi! Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UKykJWNPkE.
Kids Aceh Chanel. (2018). Hanif Meniru Ceramah Ustad Somad di Fisip Unri, jangan lupa subcribe. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCq22HvYR4Y
Moslem Community. (2018, January 1). Pengakuan Jansen Sitindaon (Kristen) tentang Ustadz Abdul Somad: “The New KH. Zainuddin MZ telah Lahir.†Retrieved June 17, 2018, from https://news.moslemcommunity.net/2018/01/pengakuan-jansen-sitindaon-kristen.html.
Tafaqquh Video. (2012, March 17). Tafaqquh Video Bagian Tentang. Retrieved June 20, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/user/TAFAQQUHVIDEO/about.
Tafaqquh Video. (2018). 5 Penyesalan Setelah Mati Masjid Raya Bandung-Jabar 30-3-2018. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ru64FqOjFys.
Tafaqquh Video. (2016). Bid’ah dan Maulid Nabi. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRHX1iL1uBQ.
Ustadz Lovers. (2017a). Amar Ma’ruf Nahi Munkar, Kenapa Ustadz Ceramah Suara Keras? Ustadz Abdul Somad Lc MA. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= NevKDLLjP3Y.
Ustadz Lovers. (2017b). Pramugari itu Godaan Terberat Ustadz Abdul Somad Lc MA. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrUSm2ZnQrs.
Ustadz Lovers. (2017c). Da’i Sejuta Viewers itu Gelar Baru Ustadz Abdul Somad Lc MA Trending Nomor 1. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IE84be1zGsI.
YukNgaji.NET. (2018). Dikatain Pelawak, Demikian Jawaban Cerdas Ust. Abdul Somad,Lc.MA. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4dmTllQvqM.
Wawancara
Amir. (2018, June 17). Komunikasi Pribadi melalui Whatsapp dengan Salah Satu Penggemar UAS di Malaysia.
Maulanat. (2018, June 22). Komunikasi Pribadi melalui Whatsapp dengan Salah Satu Admin Fodamara TV.
Syahrizal, A. (2018a, May 31). Komunikasi Pribadi melalui Whatsapp dengan Salah Satu Penggemar Lokal UAS.
Syahrizal, A. (2018b, June 3). Komunikasi Pribadi melalui Whatsapp dengan Salah Satu Penggemar Lokal UA
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2020-12-31
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How to Cite
USTAZ YOUTUBE: USTAZ ABDUL SOMAD DAN DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN OTORITAS KEAGAMAAN. (2020). Penamas, 33(2), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.31330/penamas.v33i2.405
