AGENCY IN PIETY: YOUNG SALAFI WOMEN IN DIGITAL BUSINESS

Authors

  • Dwi Nugroho Universitas Lampung
  • Angga Febrian Universitas Lampung
  • Dharma Setyawan Institut Agama Islam Negeri Metro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31330/penamas.v37i1.749

Keywords:

Salafi women, business ownership, online business, social media

Abstract

Salafi women are regarded as a more tight and exclusive community than men. This reality highlights Salafi Sharia provisions, which mandate women to stay at home. Nonetheless, young Salafi women are beginning to engage in productive activities by tapping business opportunities of digital economy. This study is based on a massive phenomenon regarding the involvement of young Salafi women in digital entrepreneurial activities. Using a case study of Salafi women in Lampung with purposive sampling technique, it analyzes data from in-depth interviews with 13 young Salafi women who run online enterprises and 2 men (ustadz and teacher) served as the main sources for this explorative qualitative research. This study demonstrates that apart from accepting technological advances, Salafi women also actualize themselves in digital economic activities. They can run successful online businesses and have a positive impact on their financial emancipation. Their internet commercial activities strictly adhere to Islamic law and not limited to products associated with Salafi life. Their activities do not deviate from Islamic norms and instead reflect the Salafis’ productive and reformist characteristics. Challenging conventional wisdom on Salafi women, this study finds that within their submission to Salafi teachings and piety, they claim their active agency and contributions to family economy.

References

Ahmad, Maghfur, Siti Mumun Muniroh, and Shinta Nurani. 2021. “NIQAB, PROTEST MOVEMENT, AND THE SALAFIZATION OF INDONESIAN ISLAM.” Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies. doi 10.21043/qijis.v9i2.8195.

Aidulsyah, F. 2023. “The Rise of Urban Salafism in Indonesia: The Social-Media and Pop Culture of New Indonesian Islamic Youth.” Asian Journal of Social Science. doi: 10.1016/j.ajss.2023.07.003.

Amin, Sitti Jamilah. 2020. “Movement of Islamic Organization and Its Impact on Radical Perception with Supply Chain Management in the Digital Era.” International Journal of Supply Chain Management 9(2).

Anis, E. Z. 2018. “Countering Terrorist Narratives: Winning the Hearts and Minds of Indonesian Millennials.” KnE Social Sciences. doi: 10.18502/kss.v3i5.2333.

Aswah, Syarifah Raodatul. 2017. “Antara Ideal Dan Praktek: Transformasi Spiritual Anggota Perempuan Berdasarkan Nilai-Nilai Keperempuanan Wahdah Islamiyah.” ETNOSIA : Jurnal Etnografi Indonesia. doi: 10.31947/etnosia.v2i2.2582.

Azmi, Ilhaamie Abdul Ghani. 2014. “The Implementation of Islamic Business Practices of Women Traders: A Study in an Islamic State in a Developing Country.” Global Journal Al-Thaqafah. doi: 10.7187/gjat632014.04.02.

Bonci, Alessandra. 2023. “‘Ilmi Salafi Women in Tunisia after the Revolution: What Kind of Quietism?” Contemporary Islam. Doi: 10.1007/s11562-023-00520-1.

Chozin, Muhammad Ali. 2013. “Strategi Dakwah Salafi Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Dakwah.

Dery, Kristine, Ina M. Sebastian, and Nick van der Meulen. 2017. “The Digital Workplace Is Key to Digital Innovation.” MIS Quarterly Executive.

Dewi, Oki Setianad, and Ahmad Khoirul Fata. 2023. “SALAFI DA’WAH AMONG HIJRAH CELEBRITIES.” Penamas. doi: 10.31330/penamas.v36i2.711.

Duffy, Brooke Erin, and Urszula Pruchniewska. 2017. “Gender and Self-Enterprise in the Social Media Age: A Digital Double Bind.” Information Communication and Society. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1291703.

Ekinsmyth, Carol. 2011. “Challenging the Boundaries of Entrepreneurship: The Spatialities and Practices of UK ‘Mumpreneurs.’” Geoforum. Doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.10.005.

Essers, Caroline, and Yvonne Benschop. 2009. “Muslim Businesswomen Doing Boundary Work: The Negotiation of Islam, Gender and Ethnicity within Entrepreneurial Contexts.” Human Relations. Doi: 10.1177/0018726708101042.

Fitrianita, Titi. 2019. “HIJAB DAN TUBUH YANG PATUH PEREMPUAN SALAFI DI KOTA MALANG.” Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif. doi: 10.14421/jsr.v13i1.1296.

Genç, Merve, and Burcu Öksüz. 2015. “A Fact or an Illusion: Effective Social Media Usage of Female Entrepreneurs.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.345.

Hasbullah, Hasbullah, Wilaela Wilaela, Masduki Masduki, Jamaluddin Jamaluddin, and Imron Rosidi. 2022. “Acceptance of the Existence of Salafi in the Development of Da’wah in Riau Islamic Malay Society.” Cogent Social Sciences. Doi: 10.1080/23311886.2022.2107280.

Henderson, Alison, and Rachel Bowley. 2010. “Authentic Dialogue? The Role of ‘Friendship’ in a Social Media Recruitment Campaign.” Journal of Communication Management. Doi: 10.1108/13632541011064517.

Hossain, Tanjela. 2018. “Empowering Women through E-Business: A Study on Women Entrepreneurs in Dhaka City.” Asian Business Review. doi: 10.18034/abr.v8i3.167.

Ikhwan, Azhariah Fatia, Junizar Suratman, Muhammad Nabil Ramadhan, and Alfaiz. 2022. “The Dialectic of Fiqh Understanding and the Female Imam-Khatib Tradition in Balingka, West Sumatra, Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies. Doi: 10.18326/ijims.v12i2.313-339.

Iqbal, Asep M. 2014. “Internet, Identity and Islamic Movements: The Case of Salafism in Indonesia.” Islamika Indonesiana. doi: 10.15575/isin.v1i1.42.

Iqbal, Asep Muhamad. 2017. “Agama Dan Adopsi Media Baru: Penggunaan Internet Oleh Gerakan Salafisme Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia. doi: 10.7454/jki.v2i2.7834.

Iqbal, Asep Muhamad, and Z. Zulkifli. 2020. “New Media Technology and Religious Fundamentalist Movements: Exploring the Internet Use by Salafi Movement in Indonesia.”

Kahn, Richard, and Douglas Kellner. 2004. “New Media and Internet Activism: From the ‘Battle of Seattle’ to Blogging.” New Media and Society.

Karagiannis, Emmanuel. 2019. “The Rise of Electoral Salafism in Egypt and Tunisia: The Use of Democracy as a Master Frame.” Journal of North African Studies. Doi 10.1080/13629387.2017.1417124.

Khotijah, Khotijah, and Ahmad Madkur. 2018. “Domestikasi Perempuan Salafi: Konstruksi Sosial Perempuan Salafi Di Kota Metro Lampung.” Kafa`ah: Journal of Gender Studies 8(2). doi: 10.15548/jk.v8i2.219.

Kraus, Sascha, Carolin Palmer, Norbert Kailer, Friedrich Lukas Kallinger, and Jonathan Spitzer. 2019. “Digital Entrepreneurship: A Research Agenda on New Business Models for the Twenty-First Century.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research.

Kuran, Timur. 1995. “Islamic Economics and the Islamic Subeconomy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives. doi: 10.1257/jep.9.4.155.

Li, Jessica, and Ann M. Herd. 2017. “Shifting Practices in Digital Workplace Learning: An Integrated Approach to Learning, Knowledge Management, and Knowledge Sharing.” Human Resource Development International.

Mahanani, Prima Ayu Rizki. 2017. “Perempuan Salafi Memaknai Jilbab: Antara Alternatif Dan Oposisional.” JURNAL SOSIAL POLITIK. doi: 10.22219/sospol.v2i1.4760.

Mahanani, Prima Ayu Rizqi, Irwan Abdullah, and Ratna Noviani. 2019. “Estetisasi Jilbab Syar’i Jama’ah Salafi: Studi Kasus Di Pondok Pesantren Imam Muslim Kota Kediri.” JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo) 3(1). doi: 10.21580/jsw.2019.3.1.3415.

Manyika, James, and Charles Roxburgh. 2011. “The Great Transformer: The Impact of the Internet on Economic Growth and Prosperity.” McKinsey Global Institute.

McAdam, Maura, Caren Crowley, and Richard T. Harrison. 2020. “Digital Girl: Cyberfeminism and the Emancipatory Potential of Digital Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies.” Small Business Economics. Doi: 10.1007/s11187-019-00301-2.

Müller, Pia, Stefan Harrendorf, and Antonia Mischler. 2022. “Linguistic Radicalisation of Right-Wing and Salafi Jihadist Groups in Social Media: A Corpus-Driven Lexicometric Analysis.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. Doi: 10.1007/s10610-022-09509-7.

Myovella, Godwin, Mehmet Karacuka, and Justus Haucap. 2020. “Digitalization and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa and OECD Economies.” Telecommunications Policy. doi: 10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101856.

Nambisan, Satish, Mike Wright, and Maryann Feldman. 2019. “The Digital Transformation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Progress, Challenges and Key Themes.” Research Policy. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2019.03.018.

Nielsen, Richard A. 2020. “Women’s Authority in Patriarchal Social Movements: The Case of Female Salafi Preachers.” American Journal of Political Science 64(1). doi: 10.1111/ajps.12459.

Nisa, Eva F. 2012. “Cadari of Wahdah Islamiyah: Women as Dedicated Actors of Ultra-Conservatism.” Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific.

Nisa, Eva F. 2013. “The Internet Subculture of Indonesian Face-Veiled Women.” International Journal of Cultural Studies. Doi: 10.1177/1367877912474534.

Nurani, Shinta. 2019a. “SALAFÎ WOMEN AND ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS: The Case of Salafism in Jama‘ah Al-Khidhir.” ULUL ALBAB Jurnal Studi Islam. doi: 10.18860/ua.v20i2.5666.

Nurani, Shinta. 2019b. “SALAFÎ WOMEN AND ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS: The Case of Salafism in Jama‘ah Al-Khidhir.” ULUL ALBAB Jurnal Studi Islam 20(2). doi: 10.18860/ua.v20i2.5666.

Olsson, Anna Karin, and Iréne Bernhard. 2021. “Keeping up the Pace of Digitalization in Small Businesses–Women Entrepreneurs’ Knowledge and Use of Social Media.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-10-2019-0615.

Olsson, Susanne. 2020. “‘True, Masculine Men Are Not Like Women!’: Salafism between Extremism and Democracy.” Religions. doi: 10.3390/rel11030118.

Parvez, Z. Fareen. 2016. “Prayer and Pedagogy: Redefining Education among Salafist Muslim Women in France.” Journal of Religious and Political Practice. doi: 10.1080/20566093.2016.1085245.

Peterson, Kristin M. 2020. “Hybrid Styles, Interstitial Spaces, and the Digital Advocacy of the Salafi Feminist.” Critical Studies in Media Communication. Doi 10.1080/15295036.2020.1786142.

Piela, Anna. 2017. “How Do Muslim Women Who Wear the Niqab Interact with Others Online? A Case Study of a Profile on a Photo-Sharing Website.” New Media and Society. Doi: 10.1177/1461444816649919.

Powell, Gary N., and Kimberly A. Eddleston. 2013. “Linking Family-to-Business Enrichment and Support to Entrepreneurial Success: Do Female and Male Entrepreneurs Experience Different Outcomes?” Journal of Business Venturing. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.02.007.

Ramanathan, Usha, Nachiappan Subramanian, and Guy Parrott. 2017. “Role of Social Media in Retail Network Operations and Marketing to Enhance Customer Satisfaction.” International Journal of Operations and Production Management. doi: 10.1108/IJOPM-03-2015-0153.

Rock-Singer, Aaron. 2016. “The Salafi Mystique: The Rise of Gender Segregation in 1970s Egypt.” Islamic Law and Society.

Rusli, R. 2014. “Progressive Salafism in Online Fatwa.” Al-Jami’ah. doi: 10.14421/ajis.2014.521.205-229.

Sharafizad, Jalleh. 2018. “Informal Learning of Women Small Business Owners.” Education and Training. doi: 10.1108/ET-01-2017-0006.

Shavit, Uriya. 2014. “Can Muslims Befriend Non-Muslims? Debating Al-Walā Wa-Al-Barā (Loyalty and Disavowal) in Theory and Practice.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 25(1):67–88. doi: 10.1080/09596410.2013.851329.

Sorgenfrei, Simon. 2021a. “Branding Salafism: Salafi Missionaries as Social Media Influencers.” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. Doi: 10.1163/15700682-12341515.

Sorgenfrei, Simon. 2021b. “Crowdfunding Salafism Crowdfunding as a Salafi Missionising Method.” Religions. Doi: 10.3390/rel12030209.

STID Dirosat Islamiyah Al-Hikmah Jakarta, Sunaryanto, Sofyan Rizal, and Edi Mulyono. 2023. “Reading the Ideology of Salafi Da’wah: Media Technology Perspective.” Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman.

Sunesti, Yuyun, Noorhaidi Hasan, and Muhammad Najib Azca. 2018a. “The Sunnah Lake of Muslimah: Salafi Women, the Manhaj and Online Media.” Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews. Doi: 10.18510/hssr.2018.6310.

Sunesti, Yuyun, Noorhaidi Hasan, and Muhammad Najib Azca. 2018b. “The Sunnah Lake of Muslimah: Salafi Women, the Manhaj and Online Media.” Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews 6(3). doi: 10.18510/hssr.2018.6310.

Tlaiss, Hayfaa A. 2015. “How Islamic Business Ethics Impact Women Entrepreneurs: Insights from Four Arab Middle Eastern Countries.” Journal of Business Ethics 129(4). doi: 10.1007/s10551-014-2138-3.

Tobibatussaadah, Tobibatussaadah, Dharma Setyawan, and Dwi Nugroho. 2022. “The Economics of Salafi Feminism: Portrait of Social Construction and Entrepreneurship of Salafi Women in Lampung Indonesia.” INFERENSI: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan. doi: 10.18326/infsl3.v15i2.217-236.

Wahib, Ahmad Bunyan. (2017). "Being Pious among Indonesian Salafis." Al-Jami’ah. doi: 10.14421/ajis.2017.551.1-26.

Wisman, Jon D. (2020). "Marx, the Predisposition to Reject Markets and Private Property, and Attractive Alternatives to Capitalism." Forum for Social Economics. Doi 10.1080/07360932.2018.1468798.

Yakin, Ayang Utriza. (2018). "Salafi Dakwah and the Dissemination of Islamic Puritanism In Indonesia: A Case Study of the Radio of Rodja." Ulumuna 22(2). doi: 10.20414/ujis.v22i2.335.

Zaenuri, Ahmad, and Habibie Yusuf. 2019. “Salafi’s Da’wah and the Phenomenon of Religious Piety among Hijrah Artists.” Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities 4(2). doi: 10.18326/mlt.v4i2.228-249.

Downloads

Published

2024-06-30

How to Cite

AGENCY IN PIETY: YOUNG SALAFI WOMEN IN DIGITAL BUSINESS. (2024). Penamas, 37(1), 46-59. https://doi.org/10.31330/penamas.v37i1.749